|
Effect
of Morphine on Thioglycollate-Induced
Peritonitis in Chickens
Abstract
| Introduction
| Materials
and Methods:
Birds; Reagents; Experimental peritonitis; Cell number;
PTLs activity assay in vitro; Vascular permeability measurement;
Statistical analysis
| Results:
Dose-dependent
effect of morphine on peritoneal inflammation;
Kinetics of inflammatory reaction; WBC number (data not shown);
PTL activity during inflammatory reaction; Influence of morphine
alone on PTL number and activity; Vascular permeability; Behavioral
observations
|
Discussion |
Acknowledgments |
References
Pawel Majewski,1
Magdalena Markowska,1
Hanna Laskowska,1
Maria Waloch, 2
Krystyna Skwarlo-Sonta, 1
1.
Department of Vertebrate Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw
University, Warsaw, POLAND.
2. Department of Medical Parasitology, National Institute
of Hygiene, Warsaw, POLAND.
Submitted:
October 21, 2001
Accepted: January 7, 2002
Key words:
morphine, opiates, immune system, birds, chicken, inflammation,
peritonitis, thioglycollate
Abstract
BAKGROUND:
Morphine exerts immunomodulatory effects dependent on several
factors including species and parameter examined. The aim
of this study was to assess the influence of morphine on experimental
peritonitis and leukocyte activity in young chickens of both
sexes.
METHODS:
Peritonitis was elicited by intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate
(TG) alone or supplemented with morphine; additional chicken
groups were injected with morphine alone. Morphine-treated
birds (with or without elicited peritonitis) were pretreated
with naltrexone, an antagonist of opioid receptors. Control
groups were intact or PBS-injected. At specific postinjection
intervals peritoneal leukocytes (PTL) were obtained by flushing
the peritoneal cavity, counted and used for in vitro assays
of activity (respiratory burst). Vascular permeability was
measured using Evans blue solution.
RESULTS:
Inflammatory reaction and morphine influence were gender-dependent:
the extent of TG-induced peritonitis was higher in males and
it was additionally stimulated by morphine. This pro-inflammatory
effect of morphine was not seen in females. PTL collected
from morphine-treated chickens of both sexes exhibited a stronger
nitroblue tetrazolium reduction than in non-treated birds
and this effect was antagonized by naltrexone.
CONCLUSIONS:
The effect of morphine on peritonitis in chickens appears
different to that in other vertebrate species, although the
mechanism(s) of its influence on leukocyte activity are similar
Introduction
There
is a large body of evidence that the endogenous opioid system
produces a variety of effects within the immune system. These
signal molecules act via well-defined receptor types, also mediating
the effects of exogenous opiates, such as morphine [for review
see 1]. On the other hand, endogenous opioids may participate
in the influence of melatonin, a principal pineal hormone, on
immune system function [for review see 2]. Administration of
morphine results in a variety of physiological, pharmacological
and behavioral changes [3], including the effects on immunity.
This last morphine influence is exerted in different ways; it
alters various immune parameters indirectly through the central
nervous system and directly via opioid receptors on immune cells
in both vertebrates and invertebrates [4]. The effects of morphine
on inflammatory processes in mammals have been studied in several
experimental systems. The majority of data were obtained from
paw inflammation [e.g. 5], with a few studies done on experimental
inflammation of the ear [6], digestive system [7], respiratory
tract and the peritoneum [8].
Experimental peritonitis is a good model for comparative studies
of inflammatory processes, including modulatory effects of various
factors on the kinetics of this process [8, 9]. Peritoneal exudates
containing leukocytes are also easily collected from inflamed
peritoneal cavities and may be thus accessible for study [10].
Chickens provide a particularly convenient animal to study these
cells involved in the inflammatory response because of the absence,
in comparison with other vertebrates, of any significant number
of harvestable resident leukocytes [11, 12].
The aim of this study was to examine the kinetics of inflammation
elicited by intraperitoneal injection of sterile irritant and
its modification by morphine in male and female chickens.
Materials
and Methods:
Birds; ... ...
Reagents;
... ...
Experimental peritonitis;
... ...
Cell number;
... ...
PTLs activity assay in vitro;
... ...
Vascular permeability measurement;
... ...
Statistical analysis;
... ...
Results:
... ...
Dose-dependent
effect of morphine on peritoneal inflammation;... ...
Kinetics of inflammatory reaction; ... ...
WBC number (data not shown); ... ...
PTL activity during inflammatory reaction; ... ...
Influence of morphine alone on PTL number and activity; ...
...
Vascular permeability; ... ...
Behavioral observations; ... ...
Discussion
... ...
Acknowledgments
Supported by the Warsaw University Departmental Grants BW/1420/98/36
and BW/1485/2000/3.
References
1. Peterson PK, Molitor TW, Chao CC. Mechanisms of morphine-induced
immunomodulation. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:343-8.
2.
Maestroni GJ. The photoperiodic transducer melatonin and the
immune-hematopoietic system. J Photochem Photobiol B 1998; 43:186-92.
3.
D’Souza DN, Harlem RE, Garcia MM. Sexual dimorphism in
the response to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors antagonists and
morphine on behavior and c-fos induction in the rat brain. Neuroscience
1999; 93:1539-47.
4.
Stefano GB, Salzet B, Fricchione GL. Enkelytin and opioid peptide
association in invertebrates and vertebrates: immune activation
and pain. Immunol Today 1998; 19:265-8.
5.
Suzuki T, Kishimoto Y, Misawa K. Formalin- and carrageenan-
induced inflammation attenuates place preferences produced by
morphine, methamphetamine and cocaine. Life Sci 1996; 59:1667-74.
6.
Van der Kooh D, Nagy JI. Hyperalgesia mediated by peripheral
opiate receptors in the rat. Behav Brain Res 1985; 17:203-11.
7.
Pol O, Sanchez B, Puig MM. Peripheral effects of opioids in
a model of intestinal inflammation in mice. Pharmacology 1996;
53:340-50.
8.
Chadzinska M, Kolaczkowska E, Seljelid R, Plytycz B. Morphine
modulation of peritoneal inflammation in Atlantic salmon and
CB6 mice. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 65:590-6.
9.
Markowska M, Chadzinska M, Majewski P, Plytycz B, Skwarlo-Sonta
K. Differential effects of morphine on peritoneal inflammation
in vertebrates. Neuroimmunomodulation 1999; 6:469.
10.
Ajuebor MN, Flower RJ, Hannoon R, Christie M, Bowers K, Verity
A, Perretti M. Endogenous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
recruits monocytes in the zymosan peritonitis model. J Leukoc
Biol 1998; 63:108-16.
11.
Sabet T, Wen-cheng Hsia LO, Stanisz M, El-Domeiria A, Van Alten
P. A simple method for obtaining peritoneal macrophages from
chicken. J Immunol Methods 1977; 14:103-10.
12.
Golembowski KA, Whelen J, Shaw S, Kinsella JE, Dieter RR. Avian
inflammatory macrophage function: Shift in arachidonic acid
metabolism, respiratory burst, and cell-surface phenotype during
the response to sephadex. J Leukoc Biol 1990; 48:495-501.
13.
Chadzinska M, Jozefowski S, Bigaj J, Plytycz B. Morphine modulation
of thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal inflammation in the Goldfish.
Arch Immunol Ther Exp 1997; 45:324-7.
14.
Natt MP, Herrick CA. A new blood diluent for counting the erythrocytes
and leukocytes of the chicken. Poult Sci 1952; 3:735-40.
15.
Plytycz B, Rozanowska M, Seljelid R. Quantification of neutral
red pinocytosis by adherent cell; comparative studies. Folia
Biol (Krakow) 1992; 40:3-9.
16.
Secombes CJ. Isolation of salmonid macrophages and analysis
of their killing activity. In: Stolen JS, Fletcher TC, Anderson
DP, Roberson BS, van Muiswinkel WB, editors. Techniques in Fish
Immunology. Fair Haven, CT: SOS Publications; 1990. p. 137-54.
17.
Doherty NS, Griffiths RJ, Hakkinen JP, Scampoli DN, Milici AJ.
Post-capillary venules in the ‘milky spots’ of the
greater omentum are the major site of plasma protein and leukocytes
extravasation in rodent model of peritonitis. Inflamm Res 1995;
44:169-77.
18.
Chadzinska M, Przezdzienk U, Plytycz B. Morphine enhances chemokinesis
of fish, amphibian and mammalian leukocytes. Central-European
J Immunol 1999; 24:218-23.
19.
Majewski P, Markowska M, Waloch M, Skwarlo-Sonta K. Effect of
melatonin on experimental peritonitis in young chicken. Neuroendocrinol
Lett 2001, 22:288 (abstract).
20.
Skwarlo-Sonta K, Majewski P, Markowska M, Jakubowska A, Waloch
M. Bimodal effect of melatonin on inflammatory reaction in young
chicken. In: Haldar C, Maitra SK, Singaravel M, editors. Treatise
on pineal gland and melatonin. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd; in press.
21.
Skwarlo-Sonta K. Reciprocal interdependence between pineal gland
and avian immune system. Neuroendocrinol Lett 1999, 20:151-6.
22.
Dziwinski T, Dudziak M, Skwarlo-Sonta K. Effect of melatonin
on endogenous opioid gene expression in chicken immune system.
Neuroimmunomodulation 1999; 6:450.
23.
Gruca P, Jozkowicz P, Chadzinska M, Mika J, Jozefowski S, Przewlocka
B, Przewlocki R, Plytycz B, Seljelid R. Effects of morphine
on acute peritoneal inflammation and bacterial clearence in
fish, amphibian and mice. In: Stolen JS, Fletcher TC, Bayne
CJ, Secombes CJ, Zelikoff JT, Twerdok LE, et al., editors. Modulators
of immune responses. The evolutionary trail. Fair Haven, CT:
SOS Publication; 1996. p. 291-300.
24.
Grossman CJ. Regulation of the immune system by sex steroids.
Endocr Rev 1984; 5:435-55.
25.
Dominguez-Gerpe L, Rey-Mendez M. Time-course of the murine lymphoid
tissue involution during and following stressor exposure. Life
Sci 1997; 61:1019-27.
26.
McCafferty AC, Cree IA, McMurdo MET. The influence of age and
sex on phagocyte chemiluminescence. J Biolumin Chemilumin 1995;
10:41-8.
27.
Grimm MC, Ben-Baruch A, Taub DD, Howard OMZ, Wang, JM, Oppenheim
JJ. Opiate inhibition of chemokine induced chemotaxis. Ann NY
Acad Sci 1998; 840:9-20.
28.
Slaoui-Hasnaoui A, Guerin MC, Le-Doucen C, Loubatiere J, Torreilles
J. Reciprocal effects between opioid peptides and human polymorphonuclear
leukocytes II: Enhancement of phorbol myristate acetate-induced
respiratory burst in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by opioid
peptides previously exposed to activated oxygen species. Biochem
Pharmacol 1992; 43:503-6.
29.
Ortega E, Forner MA, Garcia JJ, Rodriguez AB, Barriga C. The
influence of b-endorphin on phagocytosis and NBT reduction by
murine macrophages. Biogenic Amines 1997; 13:285-94.
30.
Billert H, Fisher D, Drobnik L, Kurpisz M. Influence of beta-endorphin
on the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates
by rabbit alveolar macrophages. Gen Pharmacol 1998; 31:393-7.
|
